Operators

In this chapter we will introduce the operators provided by the Ring programming language.

Arithmetic Operators

The next table presents all of the arithmetic operators provided by the Ring language. Assume variable X=50 and variable Y=10 then:

Operator	Description	Example	Result
+	Add	x+y	60
-	Subtract	x-y	40
*	Multiplies	x*y	500
/	Divide	x/y	5
%	Modulus	x%y	0
++	Increment	x++	51
- -	Decrement	x- -	49
** OR ^^	Power	x**3	125000

The next table presents all of the relational operators provided by the Ring language. Assume variable X=50 and variable Y=10 then:

Operator	Description	Example	Result
=	Equal	x = y	False
!=	Not Equal	x != y	True
>	Greater than	x > y	True
<	Less than	x < y	False
>=	Greater or Equal	x >= y	True
<=	Less than or Equal	x <= y	False

The next table presents all of the logical operators provided by the Ring language. Assume variable X=True and variable Y=False then:

Operator	Description	Example	Result
and	Logical AND	x and y	False
or	Logical OR	x or y	True
not	Logical Not	not x	False

Another style

Operator	Description	Example	Result
&&	Logical AND	x && y	False
\|\|	Logical OR	x \|\| y	True
!	Logical Not	! x	False

The next table presents all of the bitwise operators provided by the Ring language. Assume variable X=8 and variable Y=2 then:

Operator	Description	Example	Result
&	Binary AND	x & y	0
\|	Binary OR	x \| y	10
^	Binary XOR	x ^ y	10
~	Binary Ones Complement	~x	-9
<<	Binary Left Shift	x << y	32
>>	Binary Right Shift	x >> y	2

The next table presents all of the assignment operators provided by the Ring language.

Assume variable X=8 then:

Operator	Description	Example	Result
=	Assignment	x = 10	x=10
+=	Add AND assignment	x += 5	x=13
-=	Subtract AND assignment	x -= 3	x=5
*=	Multiply AND assignment	x *= 2	x=16
/=	Divide AND assignment	x /= 3	x=2.67
%=	Modulus AND assignment	x %= 2	x=0
<<=	Left shift AND assignment	x <<= 2	x=32
>>=	Right shift AND assignment	x >>= 2	x=2
&=	Bitwise AND assignment	x &= 4	x=0
\|=	Bitwise OR and assignment	x \|= 3	x=11
^=	Bitwise XOR and assignment	x ^= 4	x=12

Operator	Description
:literal	using : before identifier mean literal
Start:End	create list contains items from start to end
[list items]	define list items
list[index]	access list item
obj.name	using the dot operator to access object members (attributes/methods).
obj {stmts}	execute statements with direct access to object attributes & methods
func(para,…)	call function using parameters separated by comma
? <expr>	Print expression then new line

The next table present operators from higher precedence (Evaluated first) to lower precedence.

Example:

See 3+5*4       # prints 23